Coated fastener

ABSTRACT

Self-sealing fasteners and associated building panels, systems, and methods are provided. In one aspect, a fastener includes an elongated fastener body with an external surface extending between the first end and the second end, and a coating material disposed on at least a portion the external surface. In another aspect, a fastener includes an elongated fastener body with an external surface extending between the first end and the second end, and a polymer annulus surrounding at least a portion of the external surface of the of the elongated fastener body at or adjacent the head of the fastener.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.15/625,839, filed on Jun. 16, 2017, which claims priority benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/351,572, filed on Jun. 17, 2016, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the field of fasteners foruse in building construction, and more particularly to self-sealingfasteners that provide water-resistant properties.

BACKGROUND

Typical building panels, or building sheathing, include a core material,such as gypsum, and a mat facer, such as a fiberglass mat facer. Duringmanufacturing, the gypsum core material is traditionally applied as aslurry to a surface of the mat facer and allowed to set, such that themat facer and gypsum core are adhered at the interface. Often, panelssuffer from poor slurry infiltration at the mat facer, resulting ininadequate mat adhesion to the core material and decreased performance.

For example, poor slurry infiltration at the mat facer may lead toincreased porosity of the panel, resulting in increased waterpenetration and decreased weathering performance. Thus, such panelstypically do not meet building code requirements for air and waterpenetration. Indeed, many modern building codes require the use ofbarriers in construction to protect the building from air and waterpenetration. For example, building codes in eastern Canada and thenortheastern United States now require air barriers to be used in allconstruction. Moreover, the existing International BuildingCode/International Residential Code (IBC/IRC) requires the use of awater resistive air barrier for all new construction. Commonwater-resistive air barriers are formed from a variety of materials andstructures and applied to the surface of sheathing panels (e.g., gypsumpanels, oriented strand board panels).

Traditionally, three types of water resistive air barriers may be usedto meet building codes. First, fabric type membranes, or “wraps,” may beused to cover the surface of building sheathing panels. However, thesefabric wraps are typically unable to withstand wind conditions, sufferfrom drooping, and are difficult to install at heights. Moreover, thestandard method of attaching such fabric membranes to sheathing panelsis stapling, which compromises the effectiveness of the membrane as anair or water barrier. Second, a liquid coating water resistive airbarrier membrane may be applied to sheathing panels. However, theseliquid coatings must be applied in the field by qualified contractors,which is time intensive and costly. Moreover, although liquid coatingsserve as effective an water barrier, they provide low water vaporpermeance, which affects the wall's ability to dry should it get wetduring service (e.g., around window penetrations, flashing). Third,self-adhered, or “peel and stick,” water resistive air barrier membranesmay be applied to sheathing panels. However, these self-adheredmembranes are generally not permeable and therefore are not an option inmany projects, because the architect or engineer must account for thisimpermeability in designing the building, to prevent the potential formoisture being trapped inside the wall cavity. Furthermore, self-adheredmembranes require the sheathing panels to be dry and often primed priorto application, which significantly slows down the construction process.

Panels having enhanced mat-to-core adhesion and/or panel materialpenetration into the mat, which provide improved water-resistive and airbarrier properties have been developed. However, when such panels havingimproved water-resistive and air barrier properties are used in buildingconstruction, sealant and/or tape is required to seal all joints,corners, openings, penetrations, material transitions, and fasteners.That is, a sealant or tape must be used to cover each fastener (e.g.,nail, screw) that is used to secure the building panel onto the studs orframe. Applying this sealant or tape is labor intensive and timeconsuming, and improper application of the sealant or tape may lead toleaks at the fastener.

Thus, it would be desirable to provide fasteners and building panelshaving self-sealing properties, to eliminate the need for suchsealants/tapes and to provide improved water-resistance properties atthe interface of such fasteners and building panels.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings, which are meant to be exemplary and notlimiting, and wherein like elements are numbered alike. The detaileddescription is set forth with reference to the accompanying drawingsillustrating examples of the disclosure, in which use of the samereference numerals indicates similar or identical items. Certainembodiments of the present disclosure may include elements, components,and/or configurations other than those illustrated in the drawings, andsome of the elements, components, and/or configurations illustrated inthe drawings may not be present in certain embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a self-sealingfastener, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a self-sealingfastener, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a building system having a buildingpanel, framing member, and one embodiment of a self-sealing fastener, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a building system having a buildingpanel, framing member, and one embodiment of a self-sealing fastener, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a self-sealingfastener, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B is perspective view of the self-sealing fastener of FIG. 5Ainserted into a building panel, in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of the hydrostatic head tests ofExample 1.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of the hydrostatic head tests ofExample 2.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a fiber mat faced gypsum panelhaving water-resistive air barrier properties, in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a building system having multiplebuilding panels, framing members, and self-sealing fasteners, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a building panel, in accordance withthe present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are fasteners and building panels having self-sealingproperties, as well as methods of making and installing such fastenersand panels, and building systems including such fasteners and panels. Asused herein, the term “self-sealing” refers to the fastener or panelforming a water-resistant seal in the absence of additional sealants.Advantageously, these fasteners and building panels eliminate the needto spot fasteners with a liquid sealant or other external sealing meansand reduce the possibility of liquid penetrating into cladding systems(i.e., building systems) formed with these fasteners and buildingpanels. Thus, these self-sealing fasteners and building panels allow forfaster installation of building systems and material savings overtraditional water and air barrier systems.

The self-sealing fasteners of the present disclosure can be used withlathing type applications, direct applied sheathing, or otherapplications in which the large number of fastener penetrations throughthe sheathing structure could present increased paths for water or airintrusion. For example, the self-sealing fasteners described herein maybe used with any suitable building or construction panels, including,but not limited to, wood-based (e.g., plywood, oriented strand board)panels, gypsum panels, and isocyanurate board. In particularembodiments, the self-sealing fasteners described herein may be usedwith panels or systems having an integrated air and water barrier, suchas oriented strand board or gypsum based sheathing panels having anintegrated water-resistive air barrier. As used herein, the term“integrated water-resistive air barrier” refers to a panel that ismanufactured to display both water-resistive barrier and air barrierproperties, in the absence of commercially available water-resistive airbarriers that are attached to traditional sheathing panels (e.g.,mechanically attached flexible sheet, self-adhered sheets, fluid-appliedmembranes, spray foams). That is, the self-sealing fasteners of thepresent disclosure may be particularly suitable for use with panelshaving integrated water-resistive air barrier properties, to furtherreduce the energy and labor required to install a system of such panels.

For example, the building panels described herein may be gypsumsheathing panels having water-resistive air barrier properties, such asthose described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 15/014,793, 15/014,821,and 15/014,922, entitled “Gypsum Panels, Systems, and Methods,” whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. These panelsprovide advantages over commercially available gypsum panels, such asenhanced mat-to-core adhesion and related properties, reduced porosityin the mat for reducing water penetration, and/or improved weatheringperformance. For example, by maximizing gypsum slurry penetration intothe side of the fiberglass mat receiving gypsum of the gypsum core, themovement of water under the mat coating within the glass mat of thefinished panel when exposed to bulk water head pressures may besubstantially and adequately reduced, without significantly altering thewater vapor transmission rate (i.e., the ability to dry) of the finishedpanel. Thus, the gypsum panels disclosed herein may have one or moreimproved water-resistive air barrier properties. As such, these panelsand systems of multiple panels further provide advantages overcommercially available water-resistive air barriers that are attached totraditional gypsum sheathing (e.g., mechanically attached flexiblesheet, self-adhered sheets, fluid-applied membranes, spray foams), aswell as over wood-based (e.g., oriented strand board) panels, which donot display the fire resistance properties of gypsum panels.

As used herein, the term “water-resistive barrier” refers to the abilityof a panel or system to resist liquid bulk water from penetrating,leaking, or seeping past the sheathing and into the surrounding wallcomponents while also providing a water vapor transmission rate, orpermeance, that is high enough to allow any moisture that does developin the wall to dry. Combined with flashing around openings, suchwater-resistive barriers may create a shingled effect to direct wateraway from the sheathing and surrounding wall components. As used herein,the term “air barrier” refers to the ability of a panel or system toresist the movement of air into (infiltration) and out of (exfiltration)conditioned spaces, to create a more energy efficient structure. As usedherein, the term “water-resistive air barrier” refers to the ability ofa panel or system to display both water-resistive barrier and airbarrier properties.

Gypsum sheathing panels or boards may contain a set gypsum coresandwiched between two fibrous glass mats, one or both of which may becoated. The coating may be a continuous barrier coating. As used herein,the term “continuous barrier coating” refers to a coating material thatis substantially uninterrupted over the surface of the fibrous mat. Thecontinuous barrier coating may be any suitable coating material known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the coating may includea polymer or resin based binder material along with one or moreinorganic fillers. The continuous barrier coating may be applied on asurface of the fiberglass mat and penetrates some portion of thethickness thereof. For example, the coating may penetrate from about 5percent to about 60 percent of the thickness of a typical fiberglass mat(e.g., about 0.05 mm to about 0.3 mm of a mat having a thickness ofabout 0.4 mm to about 1.0 mm). For example, a coating may penetrate fromabout 20 percent to about 50 percent of the thickness of a typicalfiberglass mat (e.g., about 0.1 mm to about 0.25 mm of a mat having athickness of about 0.5 mm to about 0.8 mm).

During manufacturing, a gypsum slurry may be deposited on the uncoatedsurface of the fiberglass mat and set to form a gypsum core of thepanel. The gypsum slurry may penetrate some remaining fibrous portion ofthe thickness of the fiberglass mat (i.e., some portion of thefiberglass mat that is not already penetrated by the coating) andprovide a mechanical bond for the panel. The gypsum slurry may beprovided in one or more layers, having the same or differentcompositions, including one or more slate coat layers. As used herein,the term “slate coat” refers to a gypsum slurry having a higher wetdensity than the remainder of the gypsum slurry that forms the gypsumcore.

Traditional gypsum sheathing panels do not consistently pass industrystandard bulk water holdout tests and therefore are typically coveredwith commercially available water-resistive air barriers (e.g.,mechanically attached flexible sheets, self-adhered sheets,fluid-applied membranes or coatings, sprayed foams). It has beendetermined that water leaks in these traditional sheathing panels areformed not only because the seams and openings are not treated, but alsobecause water under pressure is able to penetrate though pin holes inthe coating on the fiberglass mat surface and travel through the glassmat along small air pockets or channels underneath the coating and alongthe top of the set gypsum core. This phenomenon is especially noteworthyat or near the edges of the gypsum panel, where open pockets at thegypsum core-glass mat interface are more numerous and voluminous. Theseair pockets, if interconnected, allow water to travel under the glassmat coating, resulting in leaks under treated seams, openings, andfasteners.

Increasing the thickness of the coating material on the fiberglass mathas been found ineffective at providing the desired water-resistive airbarrier, because the extra coating weight results in a greatly reducedwater vapor transmission rate and less potential for drying wet walls inservice. Higher coating weights reduce the ability of the gypsum panelto dry in the manufacturing process resulting in reduced line speeds andpotential for blisters or blows of the coated mat overlay. To achievehigher coating weights suitable for bulk water hold-out, an offlinecoating process is needed which greatly enhances manufactured cost. Assuch, the gypsum panels and sheathing systems used in combination withthe self-sealing fasteners described herein may be those in which suchair pockets or voids are substantially eliminated, so that the panelsdisplay the desired water resistive barrier and air barrier propertiesindependent of externally applied barrier products.

These sheathing panels may be combined with seaming components to treatthe joints, or seams, between panels (i.e., the joints, corners, andmaterial transitions other than the fasteners) to greatly reduce thecost, time, and complexity of installation of a water-resistive airbarrier that provides the desired resistance to bulk water withoutaffecting the water vapor transmission rate of the panel.

While this disclosure is generally described with reference to gypsumpanels, it should be understood that other panel core materials are alsointended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Forexample, cementitious panel core materials such as those includingmagnesium oxide or aluminosilicate may be substituted for the gypsum ofthe embodiments disclosed herein, to achieve similar results.

Various embodiments of this disclosure are for purposes of illustrationonly. Parameters of different steps, components, and features of theembodiments are described separately, but may be combined consistentlywith this description of claims, to enable other embodiments as well tobe understood by those skilled in the art. Various terms used herein arelikewise defined in the description, which follows.

Self-Sealing Fasteners

The fasteners disclosed herein may be any suitable fastener type,design, or size. In certain embodiments, a fastener has an elongatedfastener body with a first end (e.g., head) and an opposed second end,with an external surface extending between the first end and the secondend. For example, the external surface or some portion thereof mayinclude threads, such as fine threads or coarse threads. For example,the fasteners may be screws, bolts, rivets, nails, pins, knurled pins orother fasteners known in the art. In certain embodiments, the fasteneris a screw, such as a bugle head screw, a wafer head screw, a drillpoint screw, a sharp point screw, or a self-tapping screw. In certainembodiments, the fasteners have a length of from about 1 inch to about1⅝ inch, such as 1¼ inch.

In one aspect, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , a self-sealing fastener 100includes an elongated fastener body 102 having a first end 106 and anopposed second end 108, with an external surface extending between thefirst end 106 and the second end 108. A coating material 104 is disposedon at least a portion the external surface of the elongated fastenerbody. The coating material may be any suitable material having a lowviscosity at high shear rates, such that when the fastener is driveninto a surface by traditional means imparting high shear to the fastener(e.g., a screw gun, which operates at high revolutions, such asapproximately 4000 rpm), the coating material flows to coat the fastenerbody up to the countersink.

For example, the coating material may display a viscosity of less than 1Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at a temperature of 150°F. In some embodiments, the coating material displays a viscosity ofless than 1×10⁻³ Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at atemperature of 150° F. In some embodiments, the coating materialdisplays a viscosity of less than 2×10⁻⁵ Pa·s, measured at a shear rateof 1000 Hz and at a temperature of 150° F. In some embodiments, thecoating material may display a viscosity of from about 1 Pa·s to about1×10⁻⁷ Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at a temperature of150° F.

In some embodiments, the coating material contains a suitablepressure-sensitive hot melt. In certain embodiments, thepressure-sensitive hot melt has a melt temperature of at least 330° F.In some embodiments, the pressure-sensitive hot melt has a melttemperature of from 330° F. to 500° F.

Suitable pressure-sensitive hot melts include but are not limited to awide variety of polymers and tackifier additives such that the adhesivecan be applied to fasteners for use at high drive speeds, but that donot exhibit excess tack such that treated fasteners stick together whenbeing packaged. Thus, the adhesive should be selected for suitableproperties including the ability to flow under high shear rates, waterresistance, heat resistance, percent elongation, and mechanical shearresistance. This may include but is not limited to hot melts made withpolymers such as styrene block copolymers (SBC),styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS),styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), or styrene-ethylene/propylene(SEP) type adhesives. These types of styrene block copolymer hot meltstypically have high elongation and high heat resistance. Other hot meltbase materials may include ethylene-vinyl acetate, ethylene-acrylatecopolymers, polyolefins, polybutene-1, amorphous polyolefin, polyamides,polyesters, polyurethanes, including reactive or thermoplasticpolyurethanes, polycaprolactone, polycarbonates, fluoropolymers,silicone rubbers, or thermoplastic elastomers. In certain embodiments,the pressure-sensitive hot melt includes a polymer and an additiveselected from a group consisting of tackifying resins, waxes,plasticizers, UV stabilizers, and combinations thereof.

These materials have been found to achieve improved performance ascompared to materials that have a higher viscosity at high shear rates.For example, materials that do not flow at high shear have a tendency tosplit, “ball-up”, or “rub-off” and essentially be pushed out to thesurface under the high friction driving force of the fastener.Advantageously, the disclosed coating materials have the ability to flowwhen being driven under high shear rates. When used with typical buglehead exterior drywall screws, which countersink and sit flush with thesurface, the adhesive was observed to flow and coat the entire threadedarea of the screw, up to the screw head countersink, creating an air andwater barrier seal underneath the screw head and around the body as itpenetrates. Furthermore, since the screws still sit flush with thesurface, it does not interfere with monolithic surface treatments suchas liquid treated joints or taped seams.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the coating material104 is disposed from the second end 108 of the fastener 100 along aportion of the elongated body 102. For example, the coating material maybe disposed from the second end along about ⅓ (as shown in FIG. 1 ) toabout ⅔ (as shown in FIG. 2 ) of a length of the elongated body. Incertain embodiments, the coating material 104 is present on the fastenerbody in an amount of from about 0.05 g to about 0.5 g, such as in anamount of from about 0.05 g to about 0.2 g. In certain embodiments, thefastener is a screw or bolt having threads extending from the second endof the elongated body, and the coating material is disposed such that itcovers all or a portion of the threads.

In another aspect, as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5A-5B, a fastener 200includes an elongated fastener body 202 having a first end forming ahead 204 of the fastener and an opposed second end 206 for driving intoa surface 220, with an external surface of the fastener extendingbetween the first end and the second end. An annulus 210 surrounds atleast a portion of the external surface of the of the elongated fastenerbody at or adjacent the head 204 of the fastener 200.

In these embodiments, the annulus is formed of a suitable polymer thatis relatively soft and has a low melt temperature, such that upondriving the fastener into a building panel or other surface, the annulussoftens, spreads out, and compress into the space created by a harderbottom section (e.g., a spacer as described in more detail below) and/oraround the head of the fastener between the fastener and the surface ofthe panel into which the fastener. Thus, in response to the heatgenerated along the fastener body when the fastener is driven into thesurface of a building panel, a heat induced seal is formed by theannulus that creates an air and water barrier around the fastener headand body as it penetrates the building panel.

In certain embodiments, the annulus is formed of a polymer having a melttemperature of from about 130° F. to about 325° F. In some embodiments,the polymer annulus is formed of a polymer having a melt temperature offrom about 130° F. to about 250° F. For example, the polymer annulus isformed of a polymer having a melt temperature of from about 140° F. toabout 240° F. For example, the polymer annulus may be formed ofethylene-vinyl acetate, polycaprolactone, polyvinyl chloride, lowdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, or acombination thereof. In other embodiments, the annulus may be formed ofa low melt metal alloy.

It was determined that the primary heat generated by driving thefastener into a building panel using traditional means is in the rangeof about 160° F. Thus, in embodiments in which it is desired that thetypical driving of the fastener generates the primary heat used tosoften and melt the polymer annulus, the polymer annulus should be atleast partially formed of a polymer having a melt temperature in thisrange or lower. For example, ethylene-vinyl acetates and/orpolycaprolactones having a melt temperature as low as about 140° F. toabout 150° F. may be used to form the polymer annulus.

If additional heat is added, such as by using alternate fastener drivingmeans in which increased heat is generated or in which the annulus issubjected to additional heating prior to driving the annulus, thenthermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride, low density polyethylene, arepolypropylene (e.g., having melt temperatures of about 220° F. to about240° F.), and/or low melt metal alloys may be used to form the annulus.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3 , the elongated fastener body202 includes a tapered neck 208 adjacent the head 204 of the fastener,and a polymer annulus 202 is disposed at an interface the neck 208 andthe head 204 of the fastener. For example, the polymer annulus may havea thickness and inner diameter such that it primarily surrounds the headof the fastener, primary surrounds the neck or shank of the fastener, orsurrounds an interface of the neck and head of the fastener. In certainembodiments, the polymer annulus has an inner diameter such that theannulus fits snugly around the fastener body at or adjacent the head ofthe fastener. In some embodiments, the fastener may be manufactured tohave the polymer annulus pre-applied thereto or the fastener and polymerannulus may be provided separately such that a user positions thepolymer annulus on the fastener prior to use.

In some embodiments, the polymer annulus has an inner diameter of fromabout 0.1 inch to about 0.5 inch, such as from about 0.15 inch to about0.3 inch. In some embodiments, the polymer annulus has an outer diameterat least as large as an outer diameter of the head of the fastener, suchas from about 0.2 inch to about 1 inch, or from about 0.3 inch to about0.5 inch. In some embodiments, the polymer annulus has a thickness offrom about 0.004 inch to about 0.2 inch, such as from about 0.004 inchto about 0.044 inch.

In one embodiment, the fastener is a 1¼″ bugle head screw and thepolymer annulus has a thickness of from 0.004 to 0.044 inch and an inner0.195 to 0.030 inch, so that it fits tightly and snugly against thebottom of the screw head. In some embodiments, the outer diameter of thepolymer annulus is from about 0.350 to 1.0 inch and is larger than thescrew head being sealed.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , the fastener having apolymer annulus 210 further includes a spacer 212 that has a flared bodysurrounding a central bore and a first end and a second opposed end,wherein the central bore is configured to receive a portion of theelongated fastener body 202 therethrough, such that the first end of thespacer is adjacent the polymer annulus 210. For example, the centralbore of the spacer may be sized and shaped to follow the geometry of theelongated fastener body (e.g., the portion of the elongated body withany threads, and the neck or shank portion of the fastener body, whichthe spacer surrounds).

The spacer may have certain features as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.7,866,931, which is incorporated by reference herein. The spacer'sdesign and materials allow for proper depth and countersinking, therebypreventing screws from being over driven when installing interior gypsumwallboard. However, the spacer alone does not provide a seal because thespacer's rigid body does not compress, causing leaking though thepenetrated screws. This is especially true when screw heads move (inservice or testing), such as caused by wall racking or transverse loads.

Thus, a fastener may include a spacer in combination with the polymerannulus described above. For example, the spacer may be made of arelatively hard material, such as a hard plastic (e.g., polycarbonate)or metal, to allow for penetration of the panel (e.g., gypsum panel) andso that it does not deform and maintains its shape while being driventhrough the panel. In certain embodiments, the spacer is formed from amaterial having a high finished Shore hardness of at least 85A, such asat least 100A. In some embodiments, the material has a Shore hardness offrom about 85A to about 100D. In certain embodiments, the material has ahigh melt temperature, such as at least 550° F., so that is does not todeform under the heat generated when installing the fastener. In someembodiments, the material has melt temperature from about 550° F. toabout 700° F.

The spacer may facilitate sealing of the polymer annulus, by providing arigid surface against which the polymer annulus is able to soften,spread out, and compress into the space created by the spacer, aroundthe screw head, and around the mat surface of the panel, when heated bydriving the fastener.

In one embodiment, the fastener is a 1¼″ bugle head screw and thepolymer annulus has an inner diameter of about 0.265 inch, so it catchesthe top part of the bugle head screw where the taper becomes flat, anouter diameter of 0.320 and up to 0.500 inch or more, and a thickness of0.004 to 0.20 inch, such as 0.008 inch or less, allowing enough materialto compress and squeeze out when driving in the screw but not too muchthat the annulus will stick above the surface of the panel, crack thespacer, or raise on the edges.

For example, fasteners having a polymer annulus as described hereinprovide advantages over generic “gasket like” fasteners for roofing andlathing type applications, including the ability of the fastener head tosit flush with the surface of the sheathing panel, the prevention ofoverdriven fasteners, and allowing flashing/seaming to be installedeasily over fastener heads and not interfere with sealing ability. Also,by sitting flush, these installed fasteners do not interfere withwindow, door, or finished cladding installation.

Methods of Installing Fasteners

Methods of installing the self-sealing fasteners described herein arealso provided. These methods may involve any of the fastener embodimentsand features thereof, described herein. In certain embodiments, a methodof installing a fastener includes driving a fastener into a buildingpanel, such that the coating material or polymer annulus forms awater-resistive seal between the building panel and the first end of theelongated body.

In certain embodiments, the first end of the elongated fastener bodyand/or the coating material or polymer annulus is substantially flushwith a surface of the building panel upon installation. In certainembodiments, the building panel comprises a gypsum panel. In someembodiments, the water-resistive seal between the building panel and thefirst end of the elongated body passes a hydrostatic head test againstwater leakage, as measured by AATCC 127-2008, which is described infurther detail below.

Building Systems

Building systems including the self-sealing fasteners and/or panelsdescribed herein are also provided. In certain embodiments, as shown inFIG. 9 , a building system 400 includes at least one building panel 402and at least one fastener 404 driven through the building panel 402,such that the coating material or polymer annulus forms awater-resistive seal between the building panel 402 and the first end ofthe elongated body. The fastener type and design may be selecteddepending on the thickness of the building panel and the type of stud.

In certain embodiments, as described above, the building panels aregypsum sheathing panels having water-resistive air barrier properties,such as those described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 15/014,793,15/014,821, and 15/014,922, such that the system including the gypsumpanels and the self-sealing fasteners has integrated water resistive andair barrier properties.

In some embodiments, the building panel is a gypsum panel 300, as shownin FIG. 8 , including gypsum core 301 having a first surface and asecond opposed surface, and a first fiberglass mat 304 associated withthe first surface of the gypsum core 301, such that gypsum of the gypsumcore penetrates at least a portion of the first fiberglass mat 304. Thevarious layers are illustrated as separate layers in the figures forease of illustration; however, it should be understood that overlap ofthese materials may occur at their interfaces. In some embodiments, thegypsum of the gypsum core 301 penetrates a remaining portion of thefirst fiberglass mat 304 such that voids in the first fiberglass mat 304are substantially eliminated and the water resistance of the panel 300is further enhanced. For example, in one embodiment, the firstfiberglass mat 304 has a continuous barrier coating 306 on a surfaceopposite the gypsum core 301, the continuous barrier coating 306penetrating a portion of the first fiberglass mat 304, to define theremaining portion of the first fiberglass mat 304. That is, gypsum ofthe gypsum core 301 penetrates a remaining fibrous portion of the firstfiberglass mat 304 such that voids in the first fiberglass mat 304 aresubstantially eliminated.

As used herein the phrase “such that voids in the fiberglass mat aresubstantially eliminated” and similar phrases, refer to the gypsumslurry, and thus the set gypsum, of the gypsum core filling all ornearly all of the interstitial volume of the fiberglass mat that is notfilled by the coating material. In certain embodiments, the gypsum ofthe gypsum core fills at least 95 percent of the available interstitialvolume of the coated fiberglass mat. In some embodiments, the gypsumcore fills at least 98 percent of the available interstitial volume ofthe coated fiberglass mat. In further embodiments, the gypsum core fillsat least 99 percent of the available interstitial volume of the coatedfiberglass mat. Such panels, in which the gypsum penetrates the mat suchthat the voids in the mat are substantially eliminated, may bemanufactured via a variety of methods, as discussed in more detailherein. For example, the gypsum that contacts the non-coated surface ofthe fiberglass mat may be hydrophobic or otherwise chemically modifiedfor improved mat penetration, and/or mechanical means may be used toenhance penetration of the gypsum slurry into the mat.

In certain embodiments, a first surface 307 of the panel 300 formed bythe first fiberglass mat 304 displays a water contact angle of at least90 degrees, a Cobb surface water absorption measurement of 2 grams orless, or both. In some embodiments, the first surface 307 of the paneldisplays a Cobb surface water absorption measurement of 1 gram or less.Thus, the panels described herein may display superior surface waterresistance or wettability properties. As used herein, the phrase “watercontact angle” refers to the contact angle formed by a liquid in contactwith the surface.

The continuous barrier coating 306 on the external surface of thefiberglass mat 304 may be any suitable coating known in the art. Forexample, the coating may include a binder material and, optionally, afiller. In certain embodiments, the coating contains filler in an amountfrom about 75 to about 97 weight percent. For example, the coating maycontain filler in an amount from about 80 to about 95 weight percent. Inone embodiment, the mat coating has a basis weight from about 3 poundsto about 9 pounds of solids per 100 square feet of the fiberglass mat.In one embodiment, the mat coating has a basis weight from about 2pounds to about 8 pounds of solids per 100 square feet of the fiberglassmat. In certain embodiments, the binder is a polymer material. Incertain embodiments, the coating on the first and/or second fiberglassmat is a latex acrylic polymer containing at least one inorganic filler.

In certain embodiments, the mat is a nonwoven fiberglass mat. Forexample, the glass fibers may have an average diameter of from about 10to about 17 microns and an average length of from about ¼ inch to about1 inch. For example, the glass fibers may have an average diameter of 13microns (i.e., K fibers) and an average length of ¾ inch. In certainembodiments, the non-woven fiberglass mats have a basis weight of fromabout 1.5 pounds to about 3.5 pounds per 100 square feet of the mat. Themats may each have a thickness of from about 20 mils to about 35 mils.The fibers may be bonded together to form a unitary mat structure by asuitable adhesive. For example, the adhesive may be a urea-formaldehyderesin adhesive, optionally modified with a thermoplastic extender orcross-linker, such as an acrylic cross-linker, or an acrylate adhesiveresin.

Moreover, while embodiments of the present disclosure are describedgenerally with reference to fiberglass mats, it should be understoodthat other mat materials, including other fibrous mat materials, mayalso be used in the present panels. For example, paper mat facers knownin the art may be used. In certain embodiments, the nonwoven fibrous matis formed of fiber material that is capable of forming a strong bondwith the material of the a building panel core through a mechanical-likeinterlocking between the interstices of the fibrous mat and portions ofthe core material. Examples of fiber materials for use in the nonwovenmats include mineral-type materials such as glass fibers, syntheticresin fibers, and mixtures or blends thereof. Both chopped strands andcontinuous strands may be used.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , the gypsum core 301includes two or more gypsum layers 302, 308. For example, the gypsumcore may include various gypsum layers having different compositions. Insome embodiments, the first gypsum layer 302 that is in contact with thefiberglass mat 304 (i.e., the layer that forms an interface with thecoating material and at least partially penetrates the remaining fibrousportion of the first fiberglass mat) is a slate coat layer. In someembodiments, the first gypsum layer 302 is present in an amount fromabout 5 percent to about 20 percent, by weight, of the gypsum core 301.

The layers of the gypsum core may be similar to gypsum cores used inother gypsum products, such as gypsum wallboard, dry wall, gypsum board,gypsum lath, and gypsum sheathing. For example, the gypsum core may beformed by mixing water with powdered anhydrous calcium sulfate orcalcium sulfate hemihydrate, also known as calcined gypsum, to form anaqueous gypsum slurry, and thereafter allowing the slurry mixture tohydrate or set into calcium sulfate dihydrate, a relatively hardmaterial. In certain embodiments, the gypsum core includes about 80weight percent or above of set gypsum (i.e., fully hydrated calciumsulfate). For example, the gypsum core may include about 85 weightpercent set gypsum. In some embodiments, the gypsum core includes about95 weight percent set gypsum. The gypsum core may also include a varietyof additives, such as accelerators, set retarders, foaming agents, anddispersing agents.

In certain embodiments, one or more layers of the gypsum core alsoinclude reinforcing fibers, such as chopped glass fibers. For example,the gypsum core, or any layer(s) thereof, may include up to about 0.6pounds of reinforcing fibers per 100 square feet of panel. For example,the gypsum core, or a layer thereof, may include about 0.3 pounds ofreinforcing fibers per 100 square feet of panel. The reinforcing fibersmay have a diameter between about 10 and about 17 microns and have alength between about 6.35 and about 12.7 millimeters.

In certain embodiments, the panels have a thickness from about ¼ inch toabout 1 inch. For example, the panels may have a thickness of from about½ inch to about ⅝ inch.

By maximizing gypsum slurry penetration into the side of the fiberglassmat receiving gypsum, the movement of water under the mat coating withinthe glass mat of the finished panel when exposed to bulk water headpressures may be substantially and adequately reduced, withoutsignificantly altering the water vapor transmission rate (i.e., theability to dry) of the finished panel. Thus, the gypsum panels disclosedherein may have one or more improved water-resistive barrier properties.Accordingly, when used in combination with the self-sealing fastenersdescribed herein, the system of panels and fasteners provides awater-resistive air barrier, without the need for additional sealingmaterials being applied over the installed fasteners, significantlyreducing installation labor and materials.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 9 , a building system 400further includes a framing member (e.g., wood or metal stud) 406,wherein the building panel 402 is attached to the framing member 406 bythe at least one fastener 404, such that the at least one fastener 404penetrates the building panel 402 and at least a portion of the framingmember 406. For example, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , a building systemincludes a framing member (e.g., wood or metal stud) 224, wherein thebuilding panel (e.g., ½ inch or ⅔ inch glass mat faced gypsum sheathingpanel) 222 is attached to the framing member 224 by the at least onefastener, such that the at least one fastener penetrates the buildingpanel 222 and at least a portion of the framing member 224. As shown, incertain embodiments, the first end (e.g., head) 204 of the elongatedfastener body 202 is substantially flush with a surface of the buildingpanel 222. As used herein, the term “substantially flush” refers to adifference in height between the fastener head or polymer annulus andthe building panel surface of about 0.030 inches or less.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , the fastener furthercomprises a spacer 212 having a flared body surrounding a central boreand having a first end and a second opposed end, wherein the centralbore receives a portion of the elongated fastener body therethrough,such that the first end of the spacer 212 is adjacent the polymerannulus 210, and the spacer has a length that is substantially similarto a thickness of the at least one building panel 222.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4 , the dimensions of the spacer 212are flush with the polymer annulus 210 (shown here around 0.338 inch forthe outer diameter of the screw at its neck and the inner diameter ofthe spacer) and taper down to the threads (shown here around 0.249 inchfor the outer diameter of the elongated body of the screw at the threadsand the inner diameter of the spacer) of the elongated body 202 of thefastener. In some embodiments, the overall length of the spacer 212 isthe fastener head 204 lip depth minus the caliper of the panel 222. So,for ⅝ inch sheathing panels used with a 1¼ inch bugle head screw, thetotal spacer length would be around 0.564 inch. For ½ inch sheathingpanels used with a 1¼ inch bugle head screw, the total spacer lengthwould be around 0.439 inch. In certain embodiments, the central bore ofthe spacer 212 follows the geometry of the fastener head 204, taperedshank, and threads within reasonable tolerances. The general profile ofthe spacer 212 may include a gradual taper from the screw threads to thetop section adjacent the polymer annulus 210. This allows for easierinsertion through the panel surface when installing fasteners with thespace. The top section of the spacer 212 adjacent the polymer annulus210 may have less taper or may be relatively straight.

In another aspect, as shown in FIG. 9 , a building system 400 includesat least two building panels 402 that are gypsum panels, and a seamingcomponent 410 configured to provide a seam at an interface between atleast two of the gypsum panels 402. In certain embodiments, the seamingcomponent is tape or a liquid-applied flashing material.

Self-Sealing Building Panels and Methods

Building panels having a self-sealing feature are also provided. Incertain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 10 , a building panel 500 includesa panel core having a first surface and a second opposed surface, a matassociated with the first surface of the panel core, and forming anexternal surface 501 of the panel, and at least one dot of coatingmaterial 502 disposed on the external surface 501 of the panel 500. Forexample, a suitable building panel is shown in FIG. 8 , whichillustrates a gypsum panel 300, including gypsum core 301 having a firstsurface and a second opposed surface, and a first fiberglass mat 304associated with the first surface of the gypsum core 301, such thatgypsum of the gypsum core penetrates at least a portion of the firstfiberglass mat 304.

As used herein, the term “dot” refers to an amount of the coatingmaterial applied at a region of the external surface of the panel andextending over only a relatively small portion of the external surfaceof the panel. The dots may be any suitable size, shape, and volume ofadhesive, as discussed in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the building panel 500 includes a grid containing aplurality of the dots of coating material 502 disposed on the externalsurface 501 of the panel 500. For example, the plurality of dots may beequidistantly spaced from one another and provided in a series of rowsand/or columns. In some embodiments, columns of dots are spaced inaccordance with standard stud spacing parameters, such that the dotsalign with studs having the standard spacing. Providing a pre-spacedfastening grid that indicates where the fasteners should be driventhrough the panel advantageously saves time, as the installer would notneed to run chalk lines on the panels, while also providing the fastenersealing property, which further saves time and reduces labor andmaterials. In some embodiments, each dot contains the coating materialin an amount of from about 0.05 g to about 0.5 g, such as from about0.05 g to about 0.2 g.

Advantageously, the coating material used to form the fastener grid onthe surface of the sheathing may have a very low viscosity at high shearrates, such that when fasteners are driven by a screw gun (which operateat high revolutions, of approximately 4000 rpm) or similar tool, thecoating material from the panel covers the fastener and has a tendencyto flow and coat the entire shank area up to the countersink. In thisway, the fasteners sit flush with the surface and do not interfere withmonolithic liquid joint or tape treatments or exterior cladding.

In some embodiments, the coating material displays a viscosity of lessthan 1 Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at a temperature of150° F. In some embodiments, the coating material displays a viscosityof less than 1×10⁻³ Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at atemperature of 150° F. In some embodiments, the coating materialdisplays a viscosity of less than 2×10⁻⁵ Pa·s, measured at a shear rateof 1000 Hz and at a temperature of 150° F. In some embodiments, thecoating material may display a viscosity of from about 1 Pa·s to about1×10⁻⁷ Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at a temperature of150° F.

In some embodiments, the coating material contains a suitablepressure-sensitive hot melt. In certain embodiments, thepressure-sensitive hot melt has a melt temperature of at least 330° F.In some embodiments, the pressure-sensitive hot melt has a melttemperature of from 330° F. to 500° F.

For example, the pressure-sensitive hot melt may be a polymer selectedfrom a group consisting of styrene block copolymers,styrene-butadiene-styrene, styrene-isoprene-styrene,styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene, styrene-ethylene/propylene adhesives,ethylene-vinyl acetate, ethylene-acrylate copolymers, polyolefins,polybutene-1, amorphous polyolefin, polyamides, polyesters,polyurethanes, including reactive or thermoplastic polyurethanes,polycaprolactone, polycarbonates, fluoropolymers, silicone rubbers, andthermoplastic elastomers. In some embodiments, the pressure-sensitivehot melt includes a polymer and an additive selected from a groupconsisting of tackifying resins, waxes, plasticizers, UV stabilizers,and combinations thereof.

The dots may be applied during sheathing production or glass mat webproduction by an automatic pneumatic gun, automatic electric gun,jetting, contact wheel, or any other application method known to theindustry. The tack or surface stickiness of the coating material onceapplied should be selected to be low enough such that it will not blockor stick panels together. Polymer choice, tackifier resins, co-polymers,degree of crystallinity, additives, etc. can all affect surface tack.

In certain embodiments, methods of installing fasteners include drivinga suitable fastener (which does not need to have any coating material orpolymer annulus) through the at least one dot of coating material andinto the building panel, such that the coating material forms awater-resistive seal between the fastener and the building panel. Asdiscussed above, in some embodiments, the first end of the elongatedfastener body is substantially flush with the external surface of thebuilding panel upon installation.

In certain embodiments, a building system includes at least one buildingpanel having a coating material dot and at least one fastener driventhrough the at least one dot of coating material and into the buildingpanel, such that the coating material forms a water-resistive sealbetween the fastener and the building panel. In some embodiments, thesystem also includes a framing member, wherein the at least one buildingpanel is attached to the framing member by the at least one fastener,wherein the at least one fastener penetrates the building panel and atleast a portion of the framing member. In certain embodiments, thesystem also includes a seaming component (e.g., tape or a liquid-appliedflashing material) configured to provide a seam at an interface betweenat least two of the gypsum panels.

Water-Resistive Air Barrier Systems

The presently disclosed building systems (e.g., systems of panels withself-sealing dots in combination with traditional fasteners or systemsof panels with self-sealing fasteners) advantageously provide animproved water-resistive air barrier system without requiring one tospot the installed fasteners heads with a liquid or other sealant.

As will be described in further detail below, in certain embodiments, inthe absence of liquid or other sealant applied to the at least onefastener, the building systems described herein (i) pass a hydrostatichead test against water leakage, as measured by AATCC 127-2008, (ii)display no water leaks when measured according to ICC Evaluation ServiceAcceptance Criteria 212, Section 4, after being subjected to the testmethods of ASTM E2357 procedure A, ASTM E72, and restrainedenvironmental conditioning, and/or (iii) display no water leaks whenmeasured according to ASTM E331 wall assembly test at an air pressure of2.86 psf. ASTM E 331 is an 8′×8′ wall assembly test where the wall ismounted in the front of a chamber and the back of the wall is sealed inthe chamber. Water is sprayed on the outside face of the wall over thesheathing while a vacuum is pulled on the back of the assembly. Failurewould be leaks to the back of the assembly. The test can be run from15-minutes up to 4-hours with negative air pressures from 1.64 psf to6.24 psf or more with water spray of 8 gallons per minute. Water leakagethrough fasteners may also be gauged by a standing water head directlyover the fasteners for a standard length of time. The water head may by½ inch up to 22-inches for a length of time of 2 hours and up to 24hours. Failure would be leakage of water though the screw heads to theunderside of the sheathing. Gravimetric measurements of weight changecan be made, as described in the Examples below.

In certain embodiments, a seaming component comprising tape or a bondingmaterial is applied to treat areas of potential water and air intrusion,such as seams, door/window openings, roof/wall interfaces, andwall/foundation interfaces, but not to the fastener penetrations. Forexample, the seaming component may be a tape including solvent acrylicadhesives, a tape having a polyethylene top layer with butyl rubberadhesive, a tape having an aluminum foil top layer with butyl rubberadhesive, a tape having an EPDM top layer with butyl rubber adhesive, atape having a polyethylene top layer with rubberized asphalt adhesive,or a tape having an aluminum foil top layer with rubberized asphaltadhesive. For example, the seaming component may be a bonding materialsuch as synthetic stucco plasters, cement plasters, synthetic acrylics,sand filled acrylics, solvent based acrylics, solvent based butyls,polysulfides, polyurethanes, silicones, silyl modified polymers,water-based latexes, EVA latexes, or acrylic latexes. As such, thebuilding sheathing panels, when used in combination with a suitableseaming component at potential intrusion areas other than the fastenerpenetrations, create an effective water-resistive and/or air barrierenvelope.

Such building systems may advantageously pass any or all ICC-ES testsrequired for water resistant and air barrier system performance. Forexample, the sheathing systems may pass Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4,4.7, and/or 4.8 of the ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for water-resistivecoatings used as water-resistive barriers over exterior sheathing (ICCEvaluation Service Acceptance Criteria 212), dated February 2015. Forexample, the systems may pass Section 4.5 of the ICC-ES AcceptanceCriteria for water-resistive membranes factory bonded to wood-basedstructural sheathing, used as water-resistive barriers (ICC EvaluationService Acceptance Criteria 310), dated May 2008, and revised June 2013.

In certain embodiments, the building system including at least twogypsum panels, fasteners, and a seaming component displays no waterleaks when measured according ICC Evaluation Service Acceptance Criteria212, section 4. This test uses an 8′ by 8′ wall assembly built withmultiple gypsum panels and having two vertical joint treatments and onehorizontal joint treatment with seaming component(s) (as described inmore detail herein) and flashing treatment with seaming component(s).The wall is subjected to 10 positive transverse load cycles of ASTME2357 (procedure A), to racking loads of ASTM E72 to obtain a netdeflection of ⅛ inch with hold-downs, and then to restrainedenvironmental conditioning cycles as described in AC 212 section 4.7.3for two weeks. Thus, in some embodiments, the building sheathing systemdisplays no water leaks when measured according to ICC EvaluationService Acceptance Criteria 212, Section 4, after being subjected to thetest methods of ASTM E2357 procedure A, ASTM E72, and restrainedenvironmental conditioning. The cycled wall is then tested in ASTM E 331water penetration with a water spray of at least 8 gallons of water perminute and air pressure differential of 2.86 psf, and resulting in noleaks within the field of the panel or cracking of sheathing or seamingcomponents.

Thus, in some embodiments, the building system displays no water leakswhen measured according to ASTM E331 wall assembly test at an airpressure of 2.86 psf and/or at an air pressure of 8.58 psf. The ASTME331 test may be a water spray after a structural test and/or a testincluding the building transitions, openings, and penetrations. Inaddition to ASTM E 331, other suitable tests may be substituted, such astests using chambers that spray or flood the exposed side of the wall orare rotated to receive bulk water and create a negative air pressuredifferential on the inside cavity in order to expose leaks. This mayinclude but is not limited to ASTM E547, ASTM D5957, AAMA 501, or fieldtesting apparatus such as ASTM E1105. Thus, the building sheathingsystems described herein may pass any combination of the foregoingtests.

In certain embodiments, the building system displays an air penetrationresistance of 0.02 L/sm² at 75 Pa, or less, when measured according toASTM E2178. In certain embodiments, the sheathing system displays an airpenetration resistance of 0.02 L/sm² at 300 Pa, or less, when measuredaccording to ASTM E2178.

In certain embodiments, the building system displays an exfiltration andinfiltration air leakage rate of less than 0.04 cfm/ft² at 1.57 lbs/ft²(75 Pa), when measured according to the ASTM E2357 air barrier assemblytest for both opaque walls and walls with penetration, when 8′ by 8′walls are prepared using seaming components to seal joints, windowopenings, duct penetrations, pipe penetrations, external junction boxes,and masonry ties. In some embodiments, the ASTM E2357 wall assemblies,after being is exposed to Q10>0.20 kPa pressure design value wind loadsfor sustained, cyclic, and gust loads display an air leakageinfiltration and exfiltration rate of less than 0.04 cfm/ft² at 6.27lbs/ft² (300 Pa). In certain embodiments, the building sheathing systemdisplays an exfiltration and infiltration air leakage rate of less than0.02 cfm/ft² at 1.57 lbs/ft² (75 Pa), when measured according to theASTM E2357 air barrier assembly test for both opaque walls and wallswith penetration. In addition to ASTM E 2357, other tests may be used toquantify air leakage in this range, including ASTM E283, ASTM E2319,ASTM E1424, ASTM E283, ASTM E1424, or similar test methods. Also,related field testing to test pressure differentials, in this range,such as ASTM E783 or related blower door apparatus testing may also beused. Thus, the building systems described herein may pass anycombination of the foregoing tests.

In some embodiments, the system passes a hydrostatic head test againstwater leakage, as measured by AATCC 127-2008. In certain embodiments,the building sheathing system passes AATCC hydrostatic head test method127-2008 for a 22-inch head of water (114 psf water pressure) directlyover an interface of at least two gypsum panels and the seamingcomponent, with no leaks after 5 hours. In addition to hydrostatic headpressure, other similar tests can be used to assess bulk waterresistance in the range of 0.32 inches water (1.67 psf) to 44 inches ofwater head pressure (228 psf). This may include but is not limited toother water head tests (such as ASTM E2140), water ponding test, cobbtests (such as ASTM C473, ASTM D 3285, ASTM D 5795, ASTM D7433, ASTMD7281), or a chambered test aided by vacuum or negative pressuredifferentials. Thus, the building systems described herein may pass anycombination of the foregoing tests.

In certain embodiments, the system passes AC310-2008, which testswater-resistive membranes & barriers. In some embodiments, the systempasses AAMA 714 standard for liquid-applied flashing.

In certain embodiments, the system has a water vapor permeance of atleast 10 (inch pound units per ASTM E96 wet cup method). In certainembodiments, the system has a water vapor permeance of at least 20 (inchpound units per ASTM E96 wet cup method).

Embodiments of the self-sealing fasteners and building panels disclosedherein were constructed and tested, as described below.

EXAMPLE 1

The bugle head screws (1⅝″ Grip Rite Prime guard exterior bugle headscrews) pictured in FIGS. 1 and 2 were treated with various coatingmaterials (e.g., hot melts). Four hot melts were chosen frompre-screening exercises including Swift® 81866, which is aStyrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS) Block co-polymer (available from H.B.Fuller), Swift® melt 82674 (available from H.B. Fuller), HL-6281-XZP(available from H.B. Fuller), and HL-1719-X ZP (available from H.B.Fuller). The hot melts were pre-screened and chosen based on relativeproperties, including elongation at room temperature, static shearstrength, tackiness, and viscosities at melt temperature. Also, keydeterminations were made from observations of how the adhesive remainedon the screw treads after being driven into the sheathing.

The hot melts were applied to the screws with a Nordson Mini Squirt hotmelt applicator at 370° F. onto a tongue depressor in a single hot meltline. The bugle head screws were then rolled over the line in a singlepass picking up hot melt on the screw threads. The lower third of thescrew threads were treated, approximately ½-inch at the bottom of thescrew near the point, as shown in FIG. 1 , or about two thirds of thescrews were treated which was approximately 1-inch, as shown in FIG. 1 .The adhesive and amount applied for eight test conditions are shown inTable 1 below.

TABLE 1 Adhesive Parameters for Example 1 Experiment 1: Screw Treatmentsavg grams of Conditon adhesive type adhesive screw treatment coverage A81866 0.093 ½″ on threads B — — no screw - control C 25:75 blend 818660.097 ½″ on threads and 82674 D 82674 0.117 ½″ on threads E HL-17190.140 1″ on threads F — — untreated screw - control G HL-1719 0.107 ½″on threads H HL-6282 0.103 ½″ on threads

Three test specimens were prepared for each of the test conditions, bydriving the screws through ⅝″ DensElement™ sheathing (available fromGeorgia-Pacific) into an underlying yellow pine 2″×4″ wood stud. Twocontrols were made, condition B with no screw and condition F withuntreated bugle head screws. A Dewalt DW252 6 amp electric drywallscrewdriver with depth sensitive nose piece was used and the depth waspre-set, so that all the screws heads were driven flush with thesurface. A 4.5-inch inner diameter PVC pipe was then glued directly overthe face with silicone and centered over the driven screws. Specimenswere conditioned 24-hours at 70° F. and 50 percent relative humidity toconstant weight. The tubes were then filled with 11 inches of water andsat filled for 24 hours. After this time, the water was emptied,specimens were blotted dry, and re-weighed. The percent weight gain wascalculated, and these results are shown in FIG. 6 .

As can be seen from the graph, the screws treated with Swift® 81866 (A)and a blend containing 81866 and another hot melt (C) had the lowestoverall percent weight gain. These two conditions were not statisticallydifferent in percent weight gain from control specimens containing noscrews (B). It was also observed when removing screws, that the screwhole was not damp.

Good results were also obtained with hot melt 82674 (D), although alittle higher weight gain, it did not show any observations of dampnessin the screw hole. All 3 sets containing 81866, 81866 blend, and 82673were statistically better than untreated bugle head screws (F). Theuntreated screws also showed dampness when the screws were removed.

Thus, it was determined that the preferred coating material used to coatthe screw threads of this embodiment is a material with high elongationand very low viscosity at high shear rates, for example Swift® 81866 orSwift® melt 82674, as explained above. To quantify the viscosity at highshear rates a parallel plate rheometer was used. Two flat aluminumplates were glued together by heating to 120° C. (hot melt applicationtemperature). The temperature was then reduced to 65° C. (150° F.). Thistemperature was chosen to simulate the relative frictional temperatureexperienced by a driving a screw. The plates were then rotated inopposite directions at very high and very low rates. Testing indicatedthat at very high shear rates (1000 Hz or 60,000 rpm) the preferred hotmelt (Swift® 81866 and Swift® melt 82674) were found to have extremelylow infinite viscosities of 1.83 E-05 to 3.50 E-06 Pa·s.

Similarly, this mechanism was also demonstrated with the hot melt coatedscrew threads that had a tendency to flow at high shear rates. Typicalhot melts tested had viscosities of >7,000 Pa·s at these high shearrates, if they could be measured at all. There was also no difference inthe viscosity at low shear rates from standard adhesive only at highshear rates.

Furthermore, the preferred hot melts were found to not melt from thefrictional heat created by driving the screws, which applicationtemperature/melt point is >330° F. This is preferred as gypsum sheathingis typically used in applications where fire resistance is desired.

EXAMPLE 2

Spacers as described above and as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B were treated withthe hotmelt Swift 81866 around the countersink neck. The spacer wasmounted on a bugle head screw, as shown for Condition “J” in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Experimental Parameters for Example 2 Experiment 2: ScrewTreatments adhesive avg grams of Condition type adhesive screw treatmentarea I — — Control - DensElement ™ no screw J 81866 ~0.05 Bugle Head,spacer w/ 81866 HM K — — Spacer only E — — Control - Ext Bugle head

Three test specimens were prepared for each of the test conditions, bydriving the screws through ⅝″ DensElement™ sheathing into an underlyingyellow pine 2″×4″ wood stud. A 4.5-inch inner diameter PVC pipe was thenglued directly over the face with silicone and centered over the drivenscrews. Specimens were conditioned 24-hours at 70° F. and 50 percentrelative humidity to constant weight. The tubes were then filled with 11inches of water and sat filled for 24 hours. After this time, the waterwas emptied, specimens were blotted dry, and re-weighed. The percentweight gain was calculated, and these results are shown in FIG. 7 .

As shown in the graph, the spacer treated with 81866 hot melt treatmentaround the countersink neck and showed results lower than penetratedscrews alone and close to controls with no screws. It is believed thatthe results were higher than in Example 1 because the threads were notalso treated.

EXAMPLE 3

A time motion study was conducted to determine the time savingsassociated with the disclosed self-sealing fasteners used in combinationwith sheathing barrier system versus commercially availablealternatives. Specifically, a three-story commercial building having aheight of 28 feet, a total wall length of 88 feet, and a total of 2,464gross square feet of sheathed exterior wall area was constructed. Thebuilding included 12 window openings and two door openings as well as acombination of outside and inside corners, to replicate a realisticcommercial construction setting. An experienced water and air barrierinstallation crew installed four distinct barrier systems, includingwindow and door flashing suitable for non-flanged commercial windows anddoors, on one half of the building (i.e., approximately 1,126 net squarefeet of sheathed area with one door and six window openings), accordingto the manufacturers' installation guidelines for non-flanged windows,including coating the inside door and window openings with afluid-applied sealant or flashing tape.

The first system included building wrap fastened with a pneumatic capstapler to the sheathing panels. All wrap seams were overlapped andsealing with 2.5 inch tape. 6 inch self-adhesive flashing was applied toall window and door openings. The total installation time was 8 hoursand 31 minutes. The second system included fluid sealant applied via afluid gun onto fastener heads and panel seams of the sheathing system,fluid sealant applied via a fluid gun to fully flash one door and sixwindow openings, and fluid sealant applied by roller onto the entireexterior surface of the sheathing panels. The total installation timewas 10 hours and 41 minutes.

The third and fourth systems included water-resistive air barrier gypsumsheathing panels. In the third system, 4 inch self-adhesive flashing wasapplied to the sheathing seams and corners, fluid sealant was applied tofastener heads, and 6 inch self-adhesive flashing was applied to allwind and door openings. The total installation time was 6 hours and 22minutes. In the fourth system, fluid sealant was applied to all fastenerheads, seams, and door/window openings. The total installation time was6 hours and 26 minutes. Thus, installation of the sheathing systemsincluding the water-resistive air barrier sheathing panels disclosedherein was accomplished in significantly less labor time as compared toknown commercial building wrap and fluid sealant systems. However, itwas observed that in the third and fourth systems, the process ofapplying the fluid sealant to the fastener heads took at least 60minutes of the total installation time, accounting for greater than 15percent of the total installation time.

The fasteners and panels of the present disclosure wholly eliminate theneed for fluid or other fastener sealants and thereby further reduce theinstallation time of sheathing systems including water-resistive airbarrier sheathing panels. For example, the self-sealing fasteners andpanels disclosed herein may provide a reduction in installation time ofgreater than 15 percent as compared to traditional fasteners spottedwith fluid sealant. Advantageously, these fasteners and building panelseliminate the need to spot fasteners with a liquid sealant or otherexternal sealing means and reduce the possibility of liquid penetratinginto cladding systems (i.e., building systems) formed with thesefasteners and building panels. Thus, these self-sealing fasteners andbuilding panels allow for faster installation of building systems andmaterial savings over traditional water and air barrier systems.

While the disclosure has been described with reference to a number ofembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that theinvention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, theinvention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations,alterations, substitutions, or equivalent arrangements not describedherein, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of theinvention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention havebeen described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention mayinclude only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, theinvention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, butis only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fastener, comprising: an elongated fastenerbody having a first end and an opposed second end, with an externalsurface having an axial circumference and a length, the length extendingbetween the first end and the second end; and a single coating materialdisposed around an entirety of the axial circumference and along no morethan ⅔ of the length of the external surface beginning adjacent thesecond end such that a reminder of the length of the external surface isuncoated, wherein the coating material displays a viscosity of less than1 Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hz and at a temperature of 150°F.
 2. The fastener of claim 1, wherein the coating material displays aviscosity of less than 1×10⁻³ Pa·s, measured at a shear rate of 1000 Hzand at a temperature of 150° F.
 3. The fastener of claim 1, wherein thecoating material comprises a pressure-sensitive hot melt.
 4. Thefastener of claim 3, wherein the pressure-sensitive hot melt comprises apolymer selected from a group consisting of styrene block copolymers,styrene-butadiene-styrene, styrene-isoprene-styrene,styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene, styrene-ethylene/propylene adhesives,ethylene-vinyl acetate, ethylene-acrylate copolymers, polyolefins,polybutene-1, amorphous polyolefin, polyamides, polyesters,polyurethanes, including reactive or thermoplastic polyurethanes,polycaprolactone, polycarbonates, fluoropolymers, silicone rubbers, andthermoplastic elastomers.
 5. The fastener of claim 3, wherein thepressure-sensitive hot melt comprises a polymer and an additive selectedfrom a group consisting of tackifying resins, waxes, plasticizers, UVstabilizers, and combinations thereof.
 6. The fastener of claim 3,wherein the pressure-sensitive hot melt has a melt temperature of atleast 330° F.
 7. The fastener of claim 1, wherein the fastener isselecting from a group consisting of a pin, nail, screw, rivet, andbolt.
 8. The fastener of claim 1, wherein: wherein the fastener is ascrew having a head at the first end of the elongated body and threadsextending at least partially between the first end and the second end ofthe elongated body, and the fastener has a length extending from thefirst end to the second end and the coating material is disposed fromthe second end along about ⅓ to about ⅔ of the length of the elongatedbody.
 9. The fastener of claim 8, wherein the screw is selected from agroup consisting of a bugle head screw, a wafer head screw, a drillpoint screw, a sharp point screw, and a self-tapping screw.
 10. Thefastener of claim 1, wherein the coating material is present on thefastener body in an amount of from about 0.05 g to about 0.5 g.
 11. Afastener, comprising: an elongated fastener body having a first endforming a head of the fastener and an opposed second end for drivinginto a surface, with an external surface extending between the first endand the second end; and a polymer annulus surrounding at least a portionof the external surface of the elongated fastener body at and adjacentthe head of the fastener, wherein: a portion of a top surface of thepolymer annulus is flush with and surrounding respective top, side, andbottom surfaces of the head of the fastener; and the polymer annulus isformed of a polymer having a melt temperature of from about 130° F. toabout 325° F.
 12. The fastener of claim 11, wherein the elongatedfastener body further comprises a tapered neck adjacent the head of thefastener, and the polymer annulus is disposed at an interface of theneck and the head of the fastener.
 13. The fastener of claim 11, whereinthe polymer is selected from a group consisting of ethylene-vinylacetate, polycaprolactone, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, andpolystyrene.
 14. The fastener of claim 11, wherein the polymer annulushas an inner diameter of from about 0.1 inch to about 0.5 inch.
 15. Thefastener of claim 11, wherein the polymer annulus has an outer diameterat least as large as an outer diameter of the head of the fastener. 16.The fastener of claim 11, wherein the polymer annulus has an outerdiameter of from about 0.2 inch to about 1 inch.
 17. The fastener ofclaim 11, wherein the polymer annulus has a thickness of from about0.004 inch to about 0.2 inch.
 18. The fastener of claim 11, furthercomprising a spacer comprising a flared body surrounding a central boreand having a first end and a second opposed end, wherein the centralbore is configured to receive a portion of the elongated fastener bodytherethrough, such that the first end of the spacer is adjacent thepolymer annulus, and wherein the central bore of the spacer is sized andshaped to follow the geometry of the elongated fastener body.
 19. Thefastener of claim 18, wherein the spacer comprises a material having aShore hardness of at least 85A.
 20. The fastener of claim 18, whereinthe spacer comprises a material having a melt temperature of at least550° F.